Essay about Bravely J. Silvers Forces of Labour - 2600 Words

There are several sociological theories in the study of contemporary labor unrest. However, this essay will start off to examine the rationale of capital mobility and labor transformation processes, as a coherent point of departure. To what extent is this approach significant? A simple answer is the sociological framework of Silver (2003), which is our central focus, is in contrast with the above approaches. Therefore, it’s imperative to provide an overview of what Silver was critical about. Silver conceived that the above approaches and numerous other literatures about labor unrest and globalization comprise severe methodological ramifications. Contrary to these she states that a coherent methodology should be able to situate ways in†¦show more content†¦The last section In this section, we aim to explain ways in which the conceptualization of the â€Å"race to bottom† generates different sociological interpretations. Although proponents of this thesis contradicts each other in abstractions, yet they agreed that the impact of the late twentieth century has led to what Zolberg (1995) calls an entire extinction of the social fabric, which sustains working class formation (cited in Silver, 2003:1). The most polemic explanation to this trend, however, is central to the impact of capital mobility and modifications of modern processes of a global capital accumulation; of which both ushered under the archetype of what Silver calls the â€Å"rubric of globalization† (2003). In the analysis that follows, we shall evaluate the degree to which â€Å"hypermobility of productive capital† is hyped in explicating contemporary labor unrest. To this extent, we can now turn to explore the effect of Multinational Corporations on existing labor unr est. It has been shown that multinational corporations did enhance a thriving global job market, yet it has unleashed a terminal effect to the traditional characteristics of working class. To this extent, global workers were not only forced into frantic competition, but their most influential instrument – â€Å"barging power† has been diametrically devalued (2003:4). Buttressing this view, the

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 1834 Words

Is it correct to deny a right? Do citizens have the right to do what they desire, under the constitution? Same sex marriage was an issue that was debated for centuries; however, what is this really? Same-sex marriage permits couples of the same gender to enter legally-recognized marriages and provides them with the same legal rights as couples in heterosexual marriages. According to Dissent Magazine, seventy five percent of Americans will admit that homosexuals deserve the equal rights that the heterosexual couples receive under the constitution. The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political and social issue, and also a religious issue in many countries. Prior to 2015 in the US, same sex marriage was a topic that was a debated issue throughout the years, it should be allowed because the decision should solely be focused on the ideas of economic benefits given to a same sex marriage and not religion or opinions Debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships should be allowed marriage or some similar status (Academia). Opponents of same-sex marriage argue that the institution of marriage should apply only to unions between one man and one woman. The government disagrees and has pasted laws concerning this issue. Politically, on June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court declared same-sex marriage legal in all 50 States. Most people have different views on homosexual couples, citizens argue that they â€Å"choose† what they want. Homosexual individuals faceShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1288 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is not precisely the same as it used to be interpreted. For example, women used to be their husband’s property. Sometimes the women were forced to marry whoever their parents wanted them to marry and most of the time they couldn’t leave the marriage. Nowadays women have more freedom. They can vote, they can run their own business, and they can marry whichever man they want to. The laws change as the people’s mind change. As they get more comfortable with the idea, they become more openRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex relationships relate to when a man or woman are attracted to someone of the same gender of themselves. It is being rejected as same gender marriage denies the obvious purpose between a man and a women which is procreation (Richardson-Self, 2012). Denying same sex couples the legal right to get married, could mean that they are being denied their basic human rights to enjoy human benefits (Richardson-Self, 2012). However, the opposing view is that if gay marriage was granted the legal rightsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1403 Words   |  6 PagesSame-Sex Marriage â€Å"I now pronounce you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At some point in a person’s life, they have heard or will hear those words. What follows, however, has changed somewhat over the years; although, the commitment has remained the same. Those words historically indicate that until the death of a spouse, that couple shall remain together. Who should be able to determine whom that spouse is for that person? Some people judge others for their sexuality and how it is affecting them, but they never stop andRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1144 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage There are many issues the revolve around same-sex marriage. Many issues like: Whether same-sex should be legalized and should there be an amendment on same-sex marriage? There are multiple side to view this, but gay marriage but in my opinion gay marriage is socially accepted. it should be legal and it does affect American teens in a broad spectrum of ways. There have been a lot of issues on whether or not same-sex marriage should be legal or not. According to Burns, â€Å" The unionRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal998 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex marriage ought to be legalized on the grounds that it is uncivilized and unmerited. Marriage is a commitment between two people that cherish one another. In almost every country and culture, marriage is a commitment of loyalty and love. Marriage is an authority contract gathering two individuals together, furnishing them with profits of holy matrimony such as tax cuts and clinical privileges. The debate throughout most countries today is whether or not the rights of these profits and commitmentsRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1659 Words   |  7 Pages Same-sex couples can hardly remember a time where they were not fighting for their right to marriage in the United States. After several court cases, California Proposition Six, and their struggle against the Defens e of Marriage Act (DOMA), same-sex couples found their way into U.S. society. Many misguided studies appealed to those opposing same-sex marriage, but after several years of integrating in society, same-sex couples found the support they were looking for. Before the Supreme CourtRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal899 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, same sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court overruled the court in favor of same sex freedom and marriage. The victory of same sex marriage came to be recognized from the Obergefell v. Hodges case which was submitted when an American Ohio man was denied and regretted to get his name on his late husband’s death certificate. Same sex marriage has been a controversial social issue in the United States for several decades. SinceRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1491 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage is one of the most debatable issues in the modern world. Marriage has been accepted as the social union between a man and a woman for the past thousand years. Homosexuality was viewed with scorn, and marriages among same sex couples were prohibited in most cultures across the globe. However, gay relationships are slowly obtaining acceptance, as homosexuals have come to be expressive in fighting their rights to marry in the early 90’s. As homosexuality grows in acceptance in theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 PagesLove Same sex marriage is now allowed in all states across the country. But it took years and years for this â€Å"issue† to be finally laid to rest. The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts in 2004. There was not a last state to legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage becauseRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal2253 Words   |  10 Pages1776). The recognition of same-sex marriage is an issue influenced by numerous factors, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships have the right to marriage. Marriage provides many benefits, legally, financially, and personally. Same-sex marriage can open up those in same-sex relationships to tax benefits and financial demands comparable to those afforded to and required of peo ple in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections, such as

Integrating Human Rresource Management and Knowledge Management

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Human Rresource Management and Knowledge Management. Answer: Introduction Human resource department is supposed to be of great importance as it helps in evaluating the effectiveness and the efficiency of a particular organization by recruiting the most skilled and experienced candidates within the firm (Fulmer Ployhart, 2013). There are different firms who generally considered their employees to be the vital and valuable asset, but there exists a matter of fact whether modern firm really considers their employees to be the valuable assets. This research paper will help in highlighting that whether the contemporary organization considers their respective employees or staff to be the most important assets or not. Main context In present times, the modern firms are changing their business procedures as per the changing trends as to cope with the outside world. There are different firms who have significantly implemented several latest technologies as to enhance their overall business procedures and therefore, the implementation of these latest and innovative technologies have significantly affected the recruitment of the new employees to the firm (McGuire Brenner, 2015). As per the past researchers, it was found that employees were the one who can bring out the desired elevation in the business procedures and thus, HR department was engaged in providing the maximum benefits that can be provided to them. Furthermore, the change in the current trends and the modern equipment has made to recruit less number of the employees within the firm. The HR departments have also focused on enhancing the use of the latest and the innovative technologies as to increase the effectiveness of the execution of the business procedures (Kapiki Nurgaliyeva, 2015). There have been many changes in order to lower down the costs to the firm. Several strategies have been formulated in order to lower down the cost such as by reducing the benefits of the employees regarding the incentives, payroll benefits, and transaction benefits. The firms proclaiming that the employees are supposed to be their valuable assets takes care of the respective employees in order to bring out the most useful work from them. On the other hand, the effort provided by the employee's critically enhances the execution of the business process to the firm (Mierzejewski, 2014). As per the past researchers, it was found that the benefits provided to the employees helped in improving the performance level of the organization. The benefits are provided to the employees on the basis of their performances in increasing the growth and development of the firm (Rivera PHR, 2015). Therefore, it becomes more important to understand the needs and the requirements of the employees as they are the one which can provide the preferred elevation in the business practices of the firm concerned. As per the changing trends, the needs and the requirements of the companies have changed significantly and thus, it has become more important to focus on recruitin g more potential candidates within the firm. It has been seen that nowadays, the HR department is not only engaged in reducing the cost price to the firm but also to bring up the now talents as to increase the profitability of the firm to a large scale (Gupta et al., 2016). The primary aim of the HR section is to increase the effectiveness of the employees by providing them the desired benefits. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a management process with the help of which the top level managers of a company can effectively able to recruit a right person at the right place in right time. By the help of this HRM, any company can able to measure the working skill and working ability of their employees (Arthur et al., 2016). By utilizing this process, the top level managers of any organization can able to give training to their employees who are newly recruited within the organization. According to several companies, the employees are the valuable assets of their company because if the working ability and efficiency of an employee are increased then it will help the organization to increase the growth rate and also help them to gain more profitability (Tomaskova, 2015). However, in the recent days, the modern companies incorporate more advanced technology within their business process. Due to this reason the HR managers of the modern companies has a tendency to reduce the cost of compensating, hiring and retaining employees. However, the top level managers also have a tendency to optimize the corporate talent pool. The corporate leaders most of the time said that the employees are the most valuable assets of any company (Love et al., 2013). However, for several numbers of people, this statement is an empty and exhausted expression because in most of the companies the managers even do not show any value to their employees. They do not treat their employees as an asset of that organization. However, to compensate the employee well should be the main interest of the organization to maintain the continuous development of the company. In the recent days, the modern companies implement advanced technology within their business process. For this reason, the need for human resource also gets reduced. However, the good employees are not replaced because they are the original assets of the organization who help the company to achieve success and to obtain the organizational goal. Nowadays, the companies replace their employees with those candidates who are most eagerly willing to take the job because their willing power also helps the company to achieve success and also help the organization to develop (Mendoza, 2015). At the time replacing employee the business leaders always hire a skill and talented employee who will be effective and efficient for the growth and development of the company. Those organizations which are consist of several great employees, in that organizations the employees are the most important assets and carries value for that particular organization and those employees are not replaced (Wang et a l., 2012). Those great employees have a great knowledge about the product, process, and systems of that business. Those efficient employees have a clear idea about what is good for the company and what type of issues may hamper the business process of the company. When a great employee leaves the job from one company then this incident also affects the other employees of that organization. They try to find out the reasons that why that efficient employee leaves that job or why the company gives permission to that employee to leave the job. In this case, the question about the valuation of the employees arises in the mind of the other employees and also in the mind of their customers and clients. Employees are the competitive advantage for any company. For this reason, every organization should inform their employees about the organizational goals and the way through which the organization should able to achieve the goal and success. However, in the recent days, the contemporary organizations treat their employees as their valuable assets because they have highly potential, skilled and efficient employees who help the company to achieve their organizational goals and lead a great success within the market (Musteen et al., 2013). In the contemporary organizations, the employees have a great communication skill and also efficient to maintain the client organization relationships which also helps the company to develop in their further future and can able to hold a leading position in the market. Nowadays the companies also take the decision from their employees at the time when the managers and the marketers make a marketing strategy or any strategic plan for the organization. For this attitude of the organizations, the employees feel that they are genuinely included within the daily business of their organizations. As the organizations give a valuation to their employees so they always feel comfortable to share their innovative ideas and knowledge which can able to help in the growth and development of the company. As the employees are belong to the first line of the business so the information and data which are collected from them are very valuable, useful and effective for making any strategic decisions for the organization. Conclusion It has, therefore, urgent to understand the need for the employees as well as that of the firm in order to carry out the best results for the firm. Earlier, it was seen that the employees were treated as to be the vital assets because at that time technologies were less. The paper concludes that in contemporary organizations HR department is engaged in reducing the overall cost of the organization but at the same time, they considered employees to be valuable assets because of the skills, knowledge, and experiences that can bring positive results for the firm. Moreover, the past researchers have also evaluated the fact that the employees can bring the desired elevation in the business practices by their innovative ideas. Finally, it can be estimated that Modern organizations treat employees to be valuable assets for their firm. References Arthur, D., Schoenmaker, R., Hodkiewicz, M., Muruvan, S. (2016). Asset Planning Performance Measurement. InProceedings of the 10th World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM 2015)(pp. 79-95). Springer International Publishing. Fulmer, I. S., Ployhart, R. E. (2013). Our Most Important Asset A Multidisciplinary/Multilevel Review of Human Capital Valuation for Research and Practice.Journal of management, 0149206313511271. Gupta, N., Singh, A. K., Sinha, S., Venaik, A. (2016). Barriers to Measurement of Human Asset: An Empirical Study of Select IT sector Companies in Delhi and NCR.Amity Business Review,17(2). Kapiki, S. T., Nurgaliyeva, S. (2015). Human Capital as an Important Asset of Kazakhstan's Sustainable Development.World Applied Sciences Journal,33(3), 466-471. Love, P. E., Simpson, I., Hill, A., Standing, C. (2013). From justification to evaluation: Building information modeling for asset owners.Automation in construction,35, 208-216. McGuire, T., Brenner, L. (2015).Talent Valuation: Accelerate Market Capitalization Through Your Most Important Asset. FT Press. Mendoza, S. H. V. (2015, November). Preparing For Your Software Asset Management Journey. InProceedings of the 2015 ACM Annual Conference on SIGUCCS(pp. 63-66). ACM. Mierzejewski, A. C. (2014).The most valuable asset of the Reich: a history of the German National Railway(Vol. 1). UNC Press Books. Musteen, M., Rhyne, L., Zheng, C. (2013). Asset or constraint: Corporate reputation and MNCs involvement in the least developed countries.Journal of World Business,48(3), 321-328. Rivera, J. J., Phr, H. (2015). Credit card fraud: when employees move from being an employer's biggest asset to their biggest liability.Editorial board members,21(3), 39. Tomaskova, E. (2015). Internal barriers of market orientation application.Economics and Management, (14), 535-540. Wang, K. L., Chiang, C., Tung, C. M. (2012). Integrating human resource management and knowledge management: From the viewpoint of core employees and organizational performance.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),5(1), 109.

Traumatic Brain Injury Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Table of Contents Introduction History of traumatic brain injury Causes of traumatic brain injury Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury Treatment of traumatic brain injury Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Traumatic brain injury is caused by sudden external forces that have physical impact on the head and thus the brain. Impacts due to abrupt collisions on the head such as in case of accidents, falls or the being knocked can have adverse effects on the brain that may lead to traumatic brain injury. This paper seeks to discuss traumatic brain injury as a disability. The paper will look into the history of traumatic brain injury, its causes, diagnosis as well as its treatment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Traumatic Brain Injury: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury has a long history. Reference to traumatic brain in jury has been made to periods of as early as the nineteenth century. Brain injuries had, by the times of civil wars, been identified and medical steps initiated to help people who suffered from such injuries. Knowledge about traumatic brain injury was in its development process in the nineteenth century following increased cases of injuries that were associated with the brain. The civil war that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, between the years 1861 and 1865, made the cases of traumatic brain injury rampant. During the time, a lot of people, especially the ones who engaged in gun battles, suffered from gunshot injuries in the head. The low chances of survival due to these injuries were noted and measures taken to help save people who got such injuries. Measures such as pathophysiology had been developed and were being offered to those who suffered from such injuries. Developments of antiseptics were then the only available remedy for such injuries (David et al. 1). Causes of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injuries are caused by physical bombardment of the head with an object. Reported causes of these injuries include violent collisions, accidents and hobbies such as sports which may involve accidental knocking of the head. One of the main causes of the traumatic brain injury is accidents caused by motor vehicles. Motor vehicle accidents result in sudden motions and impacts that can lead to the head being knocked resulting to brain injuries. During an accident, a person’s head can be â€Å"stricken, suddenly jerked, or penetrated by a foreign object† (Brain 1). If such effects pass to the brain, then a traumatic brain injury may occur. The injury may be mild or severe depending on the degree of injury caused to the brain. Mild injuries may be temporary with inflicted short time unconsciousness while a severe traumatic brain injury causes prolonged and more extreme effects to the injured person. Motor vehicle accide nts cause a large percent of total traumatic brain injuries reported.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A research conducted by Atlanta nation center for injury prevention and control conducted in the year 2006 indicated that about at least twenty percent of the reported traumatic brain injuries were due to motor vehicle accidents. In the research, over a million cases of traumatic injuries were reported in America out of which almost three hundred thousand were caused by motor vehicle accidents. The brain injuries encountered in these accidents constitutes the most severe category of traumatic brain injuries. This can be attributed to the fact that most of these accidents lead to high level impacts that exerts a lot of physical pressure on the brain (Brain 1). The effect of the motor vehicle accidents that leads to traumatic brain injuries results from biological proper ties of the brain that demands coordination among cells of the brain. One of the essentials of this coordination is the nerve system. In an event of an accident, this system may be strained due to pressure from sudden movement of the head or even collision of the head with objects in a vehicle or outside a vehicle in the process of the accident. The brain then loses coordination resulting in the injury. Another significant cause of traumatic brain injuries is falls. Though its effects are occasionally less severe, falls cause more cases of traumatic brain injuries as compared to motor vehicle accidents. While motor vehicle accidents cause about twenty percent of brain injuries in America, falls cause close to thirty percent. Falls can occur when a person slips or flips from a high level off the ground. It can also occur as a result of a violent knocks on the head as a result people in a fight or in social activities such as games. Falls account for a higher percentage of the injurie s because they occur even in domestic settings. The extent of a brain injury as a result of a fall also varies depending on the nature of the fall. Injuries due to falls are, however, considered to milder than those as a result of motor vehicle accidents. Other causes of traumatic brain injuries include usage of firearms, sports among others (Brain 1). Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury Some of the symptoms of brain injuries are similar to those of other complications and thus care should be taken during diagnosis to avoid confusing brain damage with other medical complications. One of the key characteristics of traumatic brain injury is â€Å"confusion and disorientation† (CDC 8) of the victim. A person who has developed a brain injury will realize a change into a sense of mental instability characterized by confusion in the activities of the victim.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Traumatic Brain Injury: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change into this confusion is normally significant and distinguishable from the state of the person prior to the development of the complication. Unconsciousness that lasts for a long time is another feature that is associated with traumatic brain injury. The interference of the nerve systems in the brain causes lapses that send the victim into long durations of unconsciousness that can last to about half an hour. Higher susceptibility to coma is another indicator that can lead to traumatic brain damage being considered. Though all states of coma are not indicators of brain damage, higher scales, normally rated at thirteen and above, have been associated with traumatic brain injury. Experiences such as: â€Å"amnesia and neurological problems† (CDC 8) also point to possibility of brain injury (CDC 8). Other symptoms such as: â€Å"headaches, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, blurred vision, seizures† (CDC 8) together with changes in a person’s behavior such as â€Å"irritability, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance† (CDC 8) among other characteristic symptoms are indicators of the presence of traumatic brain injury (CDC 8). Care should be taken before conclusive diagnosis into traumatic brain injury is pronounced because most of these symptoms are, independently or in some cases jointly, experienced in other complications (CDC 8). Treatment of traumatic brain injury Developments have not yet been made into a specific treatment of traumatic brain injury. Damages on the head vary to a great extent and a range of care is therefore necessary for the victims subject to specific brain damages. With no availability of treatment, victims are left to the possibility of recovering or rehabilitation if their injuries do not cause death. Mild injuries are recognized to respond to recovery care and this has led to a large percentage of victims regaining their complete health after suffering mild brain injury. It has been established that more than half of victims of mild to moderate traumatic brain injuries recover under counseling on how to deal with the injuries. Medical services are however available for controlling and treating other aspects of external injuries suffered in order to minimize brain injuries. Measures like â€Å"removal of foreign bodies, control of bleeding, or craniotomy to relieve pressure from swelling† (Edwards 6) are normally undertaken to control the extent of brain injury suffered from a head injury. Medical care that is available to victims of traumatic brain injury are therefore control measure to help in reducing the degree of damage as well as associated impacts of the injury (Edwards 6). Preventive measures are therefore the only sure alternative for controlling traumatic brain injury. Taking precautions to avoid or reduce accidents as well as their impacts is for example an effective measure in co ntrolling traumatic brain injury (CDC 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Traumatic brain injury is a medical complication that is caused by physical head injuries that penetrates into the brain. The complication can be identified through the symptoms it causes on the individual. Though no treatment has been developed for traumatic brain injury, measures are available for controlling the effects of the disability. Works Cited Brain. Motor vehicle induced brain injury. Brain Spinal Cord Org, 2011. Web. CDC. Facts for physician about traumatic brain injury. Center for Disease Control, 2011. Web. David et al. The history and evolution of traumatic brain injury, rehabilitation in military service members and veterans. The History and Evolution of Traumatic Brain, 2010. Web. Edwards, Alan. Traumatic Brain Injury: Care and Treatment of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Washington, DC: DIANE Publishing. Print. This research paper on Traumatic Brain Injury: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment was written and submitted by user CharlesXavier to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of the Man-Made Invention of Money

The History of the Man-Made Invention of Money Money is anything that is commonly accepted by a group of people for the exchange of goods, services, or resources. Every country has its own exchange system of coins and paper money. Bartering and Commodity Money In the beginning, people bartered. Bartering is the exchange of a good or service for another good or service. For example, a bag of rice for a bag of beans. However, what if you couldnt agree what something was worth in exchange or you didnt want what the other person had?  To solve that problem, humans developed what is called commodity money. A commodity is a basic item used by almost everyone. In the past, items such as salt, tea, tobacco, cattle, and seeds were commodities and therefore were once used as money. However, using commodities as money had other problems. Carrying bags of salt and other commodities was hard and commodities were difficult to store or were perishable. Coins and Paper Money Metals objects were introduced as money around 5000 B.C. By 700 BC, the Lydians became the first in the western world to make coins. Countries were soon minting their own series of coins with specific values. Metal was used because it was readily available, easy to work with and could be recycled. Since coins were given a certain value, it became easier to compare the cost of items people wanted. Some of the earliest known paper money dates back to ancient China, where the issuing  of paper money became common from about AD 960 onwards. Representative Money With the introduction of paper currency and non-precious coinage, commodity money evolved into representative money. This meant that what money itself was made of no longer had to be very valuable. Representative money was backed by a government or banks promise to exchange it for a certain amount of silver or gold. For example, the old British Pound bill or Pound Sterling was once guaranteed to be redeemable for a pound of sterling silver. For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the majority of currencies were based on representative money through the use of the gold standard. Fiat Money Representative money has now been replaced by fiat money. Fiat is the Latin word for let it be done. Money is now given value by a government fiat or decree.  In other words, enforceable legal tender laws were made. By law, the refusal of legal tender money in favor of some other form of payment is illegal. Origin of the Dollar Sign ($) The origin of the $ money sign is not certain. Many historians trace the $ money sign to either the Mexican or Spanish Ps for pesos, or piastres, or pieces of eight. The study of old manuscripts shows that the S gradually came to be written over the P and looking very much like the $ mark. U.S. Money Trivia On March 10, 1862, the first United States paper money was issued. The denominations at the time were $5, $10, and $20. They became legal tender by Act of March 17, 1862. The inclusion of In God We Trust on all currency was required by law in 1955. The national motto first appeared on paper money in 1957 on $1 Silver Certificates and on all Federal Reserve Notes beginning with Series 1963. Electronic Banking ERMA began as a project for the Bank of America in an effort to computerize the banking industry. MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) was part of ERMA. MICR allowed computers to read special numbers at the bottom of checks that allowed computerized tracking and accounting of check transactions.

A Beginners Guide to Ruby Programming Language

A Beginners Guide to Ruby Programming Language Ruby is unique among object-oriented scripting languages. In a sense, its a purists language for those who love object-oriented languages. Everything, without exception, is automatically an object, whereas in other programming languages this isnt true. What is an object? Well, in a sense you can think of it in terms of building a car. If you have a blueprint for it, then an object is whats built from that blueprint. It contains all the attributes that the object holds (i.e. make, model, color) and the actions it can perform. But, even as a pure object-oriented language, Ruby doesnt sacrifice any usability or flexibility by leaving out features that arent expressly related to object-oriented programming. Designing Ruby Rubys architect Yukihiro Matsumoto (known simply as Matz on the web) designed the language to be simple enough for beginning programmers to use while also powerful enough for experienced programmers to have all the tools theyd need. It sounds contradictory, but this dichotomy is owed to Rubys pure object-oriented design and Matzs careful selection of features from other languages such as Perl, Smalltalk, and Lisp. There are libraries for building all types of applications with Ruby: XML parsers, GUI bindings, networking protocols, game libraries and more. Ruby programmers also have access to the powerful RubyGems program. Comparable to Perls CPAN, RubyGems makes it easy to import other programmers libraries into your own programs. What Is Ruby Not? Like any programming language, Ruby has its downsides. Its not a high-performance programming language. In that regard, Pythons virtual machine design has a huge advantage. Also, if youre not a fan of the object-oriented methodology then Ruby isnt for you. Though Ruby does have some features that fall outside the realm of object-oriented languages, its not possible to create a non-trivial Ruby program without using the object-oriented features. Ruby doesnt always perform as well as other similar scripting languages in raw computing tasks. That being said, future versions will address these problems and alternate implementations, such as JRuby, are available as a workaround for these issues. How Is Ruby Used? Ruby is used in typical scripting language applications such as text processing and glue or middleware programs. Its suitable for small, ad-hoc scripting tasks that, in the past, may have been solved with Perl. Writing small programs with Ruby is as easy as importing the modules you need and writing an almost BASIC-like sequence of events type of program. Like Perl, Ruby also has first-class regular expressions, which makes text processing scripts a snap to write. The flexible syntax also aides in small scripts. With some object-oriented languages, you can get bogged down with verbose and bulky code, but Ruby leaves you free to simply worry about your script. Ruby is also suitable for larger software systems. Its most successful application is in the Ruby on Rails web framework, software which has five major subsystems, numerous minor pieces and a plethora of support scripts, database backends, and libraries. To aid the creation of larger systems, Ruby offers several layers of compartmentalization, including the class and module. Its lack of superfluous features allows programmers to write and use large software systems without any surprises. What Skills Would Be Helpful for Learning Ruby? A solid understanding of object-oriented concepts. Ruby is an object-oriented language and the object-oriented features are used throughout. Without this critical skill, youll be struggling as a Ruby programmer.A bit of functional programming knowledge. This is a plus as Ruby uses the block or closure extensively. Not having this ability isnt insurmountable, though. Creating blocks is a feature that can be learned easily enough while learning Ruby.A bit of navigational know-how. The primary way of running a Ruby script is from the command-line. Knowing how to navigate directories, run scripts and redirect input and output are essential skills to Ruby programmers. Applications and Tools Needed for Ruby The Ruby interpreterA text editor such as Notepad, Scite, or Vim. Word processors such as Wordpad or Microsoft Word are not suitable.Command-line access. Though the details of this differ from platform to platform, Linux, Windows, and OSX all have this available without any extra downloads or software installation.

Financial Reports of McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Reports of McDonalds - Assignment Example This paper discusses McDonalds’ 2013 annual report with focus on the company’s operations, income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow, and ratio analysis. Accounting information, often summarized and communicated in annual reports, is important to different stakeholders to an organization. This paper reviews and reports on McDonalds’ annual report for the year ended 2013 with focus on the company’s operations and financial statements. The discussion identifies positive prospects in the annual report but offers reservations on the company’s long-term stability due to overreliance on external funding. One of McDonalds’ operational activities in the accounting year ended 2013 was realignment of its subsidiaries, efforts that begun in the year 2005. The operations were geared towards two major goals, to realign the subsidiaries to external environments in the areas of operations and to realign the subsidiaries to the company’s global perspective. Theses aimed at attaining a desired corporate image by the company. The company also operates in two scopes, through its managed subsidiaries and though its franchises. Its branches however obtain commodities and services from independent suppliers but quality assessment centers exist to ensure threshold standards in all of the company’s outlets. The company’s operations also include collaboration with suppliers to facilitate efficiencies through innovation, outstanding practices, and continuous improvements. The company offers a standard menu to its customers though a level of variation may exist to accommodate geographical diversity around its outlets. It also offers seasonal products but majorly on promotions. Monitoring and evaluation of newly developed products also form a major aspect of the company’s operations. Research and development is another significant area of the company’s operations and research and development facilities exists in the United States, Europe, and